Thyroid disorders — what to look for and what to do next

Thyroid problems change how you feel every day. They can make you tired, cold, anxious, gain or lose weight without trying, or mess with your heart rate. If you suspect a thyroid issue, this page gives straight, useful steps: how doctors test, common treatments, and simple habits that help medicine work better.

Thyroid disorders fall into two main groups. Hypothyroidism means the gland is underactive and hormones are too low. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition, is a common cause. Hyperthyroidism means the gland is overactive; Graves’ disease is a frequent cause. Both affect energy, mood, weight, digestion, sleep, and even your skin and hair.

Symptoms and tests to expect

Wondering whether your symptoms fit? For hypothyroidism look for tiredness, feeling cold, constipation, weight gain, dry skin and heavy periods. For hyperthyroidism watch for racing heart, nervousness, trouble sleeping, weight loss, and more frequent bowel movements.

Testing is straightforward. Start with a TSH blood test — it’s the most sensitive. Depending on results your doctor may order free T4, free T3, or antibody tests (anti-TPO for Hashimoto’s, TSI for Graves’). If needed, imaging like a thyroid ultrasound or a radioactive uptake scan can clarify the cause.

Treatment and everyday tips

Treatment depends on the type and severity. Hypothyroidism is usually treated with levothyroxine, a thyroid hormone pill taken daily. Hyperthyroidism may be managed with antithyroid drugs (methimazole or PTU), radioactive iodine, or surgery in some cases. Your doctor will explain risks and benefits and tailor the plan to your needs — including pregnancy plans.

Small daily habits matter. Take levothyroxine on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast, and avoid calcium or iron supplements within four hours — they cut absorption. Try to take the medicine the same way each day. If you switch brands or generic forms, let your doctor know so they can recheck labs. Keep a list of all medicines and supplements; many interact with thyroid drugs.

Lab values guide changes. After starting or changing a dose you’ll typically recheck TSH in 6–8 weeks until it’s stable, then every 6–12 months or when symptoms change. If you’re pregnant or planning pregnancy, testing and dosing need closer attention.

If symptoms are new or getting worse, or if you have chest pain, fainting, or severe shortness of breath, seek medical care right away. For routine concerns, book an appointment, bring a list of medicines and recent labs, and be ready to describe your symptoms and their timing.

Thyroid conditions are common and manageable with the right testing, medication, and follow-up. Ask questions, track your symptoms, and keep regular lab checks — small steps make a big difference.